A Common Problem And Solution

Crack on plastered or putty finished surface on AAC Block is a common problem which spoils the look and change the aesthetical view of building. External and internal surface of the building are subjected to face different atmosphere. As the outer plaster/putty finished surface is subjected to adjust with external weather parameters like rain, sun heat, wind blowing and other stresses due to temperature and humidity variation, the internal plaster/putty finished surface is subjected to adjust other stresses like humidity, temperature variation and mostly the masonry surface.

AAC Block surface is the most common reason of crack development of plaster and putty finish on AAC Block masonry. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is manufactured using cement, fine aggregates and an aerating additive. The Aerating additive makes the mix lump into a dough. Mostly AAC Blocks contains a large amount of air. The prepared mix is put in mould and cut into desired dimensioned units. The major advantages of AAC Block is its light weight, insulation and easy installation with cost-effective benefit. Water ingression cannot take place through AAC Block. Water absorption property of AAC Blocks was investigated by capillary suction method. It was found that the inflow height (i) of water in aerated concrete by capillary suction effect was a function of the elapsed time (t), i. e. i=a + s × t 1/2. Based on the theory of Laplace and characteristics of aerated concrete, the physical implication of the parameter “a” and “s” in the formula and their influencing factors were discussed. The results showed that “a” was mainly depended on the pore radius of the surface layer of aerated concrete and “s” was determined by the total porosity, the quantity of connected pore and pore size distribution of aerated concrete. According to the observation of the profiles of macro pores in aerated concrete, the relationships between capillary absorptivity and connected pores, pore size distribution of aerated concrete were investigated, by which the theoretical analysis mentioned above was proved to be appropriate. The impermeable surface property of AAC Block has welcome the major disadvantage, which causes the crack development on plastered surface.

The reason is very simple. As the cement slurry is not absorbed by its surface, it can’t function as a key to hold the plaster on it.  This phenomenon is the root cause of deboning between AAC Block surfaces and plaster or putty on it. The lack of bond between cement particles causes surface bond failure of plaster. But the expansion–contraction property is not at all similar to the plaster on it. Considering the above two factors in study, it is established to state that plaster on AAC Blocks definitely will crack.

There is a practice to limit this problem is introduced by using polymer adhesive based system. But, that has a limitation of bonding due to its reduced durability under weather action. The kind of polymer used for the purpose is degraded under weather action, mainly the storm water affects its structure. Low pH of storm water slowly degrades the molecular structure of the bonding polymer in this case. As a result, the plaster on it or with the polymer is degraded and cracks are developed at random and surrounding the degraded polymer. This has raised a big question to the advantage of AAC Blocks.

A long study and use of a Nano composite has shown the way to get rid of this serious problem. The Nano tubes has played a great role to stop this crack development problem of plaster on AAC Block. Nano tubes in plaster mortar helps to produce key between cement particles in calcium silicate hydrate gel. The resultant products after reaction between Nano composites and cement produces a Nano particle flow towards the surface of the AAC Block, which makes a key between the plaster and the AAC Blocks. This flow of Nano particles towards the horizontal axis is called horizontal suction. Similarly the vertical suction plays the same role in producing key between the cement particles. This inward flow creates millions of keys to hold the plaster mortar to the AAC Block surface. There are many such evidences which has proved its efficiency and also named as BOND FLOW. The BOND FLOW has a great impact to make the plaster durable on AAC Block. The advantage of the Nano Bond Flow is the faster plastering work and reduced rebound loss. As the Nano composite is an inorganic in nature, it has no degradable property under weather action, after formation of calcium silicate hydrate hydrophobic gel the plaster is formed into a hydrophobic monolithic substrate with AAC Block. The monolithic cover behaves similar expansion contraction property with AAC Block. This exquisite property of the Nano composite is proven successful to stop any crack propagation in hydraulic material like cement and putty. The putty also behaves similarly with Nano composite on AAC Blocks and other non-porous surface. The study is conducted based on a Nano composite product, which is widely used in many constructions built by AAC Blocks. The product has proved its efficacy to prevent these types of cracks and in the field of waterproofing of structure too.

The study conducted on SYLOCON® is analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray diffraction. Also the product is tested on several projects all over India and it is established as an only tool to prevent cracks on plaster and putty on AAC Blocks and non-porous structure.

Cement slurry is the finest particles of cement which should be less than 50-70 micron. Heavier particles are settled down in bucket and remixing is mandatory during plastering. The acceptable water absorption for bricks in construction is between 12% and 20% when tested as per IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992. Water absorption of fly ash brick: 6-12% water absorption of normal/red clay brick: 20- 25%. But, practically the value is found much more. Efflorescence and water seepage are the common effects due to high permeability.

Nano tubes of SYLOCON®-CNT when added in cement slurry, the traditional surface wetting and plaster bonding cement particles in slurry is uniformly
distributed and nano tubes function as a bonding key forming hydrophobic calcium silicate hydrate. The following image are taken by Premankur Bhattacharya using Scanning Electron Microscope. The specimen was prepared with cement slurry and SYLOCON®-CNT. The result has shown that Nano tubes prepares calcium silicate hydrate hydrophobic blocker which doesn’t allow any water ingression from external sources.

After application of slurry on masonry, plastering is recommended following traditional procedure. Traditional curing is mandatory. Recommended Dose- 1 Litre SYLOCON®-CNT in 10 Kg cement (which is used to prepare slurry). The quantity of water used to prepare a mason friendly slurry may vary. But, mason should mix water and cement first, then add SYLOCON®-CNT additive. Mixing procedure should be traditional to prepare a homogeneous slurry.

Coverage-. Coverage of 10 Kg cement slurry is approx. 100-128 Sqft.

Mfg. By ANN WORLD, HOOGHLY, WEST BENGAL
Phone-9831267680 / 9831268812 / 8017444666
Website- www.aquacrete.co.in

THE FIRST TIME ONE EXOTIC  HERBAL FLAVOURED GERMICIDAL FLOOR, TOILET AND KITCHEN CLEANER

The product is made of the selected herbal oils like Neem, Tea tree oil and special kind of Antimicrobial flower. This cleaner is highly potential to kill germs effectively and eliminate any malodour in toilets and dirty areas within few minutes. At the same time the cleaner makes the surface germ free. This disinfectant germ cleaner has no adverse effect on animals and human being. This is an eco-friendly product.

The unique property of the product is its specific flavour which is absolutely indigenous. This speciality essence of the product has made it something special.  The antimicrobial oils used in this liquid cleaner are natural and human friendly.

The product is available in three pack size, 500 ml. 1 Litre. , & 5 Litres.

Nature has full of wealth which helps us to survive in nature defeating the attack of different microorganisms. Since ancient time, human being used to defeat any diseases caused by different bacteria and virus using resources from nature. Now, the advanced science and technology could
identify the reasons behind this and the activity of the natural resources to fight against microbes. WYSIWIG is prepared based on natural resources. The potential antimicrobial herbs of different molar mass are selected to extract the oils. The composition of complex oil is made according to its
super potential active disrupting properties of microbial structures. Similarly the composition is made to avoid any cytotoxic effect of herbal oil complex to human being. Aromatic benefits are also considered with high importance. After fifteen years of study and work the product formulation is
finalized. After so many years of work the product formulation is finalized considering the pandemic situation today. In fact the researcher had predicted today’s pandemic situation on 2 nd May, 2019 by a personal tweet, which is focused in the organization’s face book, “AQUACRETE ANN WORLD”.
WYSIWIG can keep you safe against microbial attack and provide comfort living. This herbal oil mix is ejected through a nozzle. Any microbes which are closed to us are immediately disrupted in contact with the oils molecules. So, any airborne microbes lose its potentiality before that interacts
with ACE-2 protein in nasal epithelium cell. Please refer to the “ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH” ARTICLE in www.aquacrete.co.in. A patent is applied on this invention.ature has full of wealth which helps us to survive in nature defeating the attack of different microorganisms. Since ancient time, human being used to defeat any diseases caused by different bacteria and virus using resources from nature. Now, the advanced science and technology could
identify the reasons behind this and the activity of the natural resources to fight against microbes. WYSIWIG is prepared based on natural resources. The potential antimicrobial herbs of different molar mass are selected to extract the oils. The composition of complex oil is made according to its
super potential active disrupting properties of microbial structures. Similarly the composition is made to avoid any cytotoxic effect of herbal oil complex to human being. Aromatic benefits are also considered with high importance. After fifteen years of study and work the product formulation is
finalized. After so many years of work the product formulation is finalized considering the pandemic situation today. In fact the researcher had predicted today’s pandemic situation on 2 nd May, 2019 by a personal tweet, which is focused in the organization’s face book, “AQUACRETE ANN WORLD”.
WYSIWIG can keep you safe against microbial attack and provide comfort living. This herbal oil mix is ejected through a nozzle. Any microbes which are closed to us are immediately disrupted in contact with the oils molecules. So, any airborne microbes lose its potentiality before that interacts
with ACE-2 protein in nasal epithelium cell. Please refer to the “ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH” ARTICLE in www.aquacrete.co.in. A patent is applied on this invention.

Effect of electrochemical activity of dissimilar metal ions present in water and mineral aggregates as electrolytes

The tests which are discussed here very common that is known to all engineers as the basic chemistry.                  

Chloride is known as a steel corrosive ion in R.C.C.  As per code of practice the chloride content is measured in construction chemical like admixtures, integral waterproofing additive and polymer emulsions. Any concrete additive is strictly limited within permissible Chloride content limit in all standards as the corrosion generally results from electro chemical cells within the concrete. An electrolyte, usually a solution of salt and water in the concrete, is necessary to form the cells. Oxygen is also necessary for the corrosion reaction to take place. There are many evidences of steel corrosion of R.C.C. due to presence of chloride ions.

But, there are other metal ions which causes degradation of concrete.  In this article of Technology Coordination Technology, I would like to focus the effect of those metal ions as electrolyte. I also would like to explain the determination process of those metal ions present in water used in construction industry.

Dissimilar Metal Corrosion – When two different metals, such as aluminium and steel, are in contact within concrete, corrosion can occur because each metal has a unique electrochemical potential. A familiar type of dissimilar metal corrosion occurs in an ordinary flashlight battery. The zinc case and carbon rod are the two metals, and the moist paste acts as the electrolyte. When the carbon and zinc are connected by a wire, current flows.

 In reinforced concrete, dissimilar metal corrosion can occur in balconies where embedded aluminium railings are in contact with the reinforcing steel. In this article I will emphasize on determination of dissimilar metals present in water and mineral aggregates which is used in construction like copper,lead, zinc, magnesium as an active electrolyte.

The presence of above metals in water should be determined by chemical analysis in any laboratory.

Detection and Determination of Metals in Water

COPPER– Copper is determined colorimetrically as copper ferrocyanide or by the diethyldithiocarbamate method.

I would like to describe three methods with an increasing degree of sensitivity.

• AMMONIA METHOD– The ammonium ion reacts with the cupric ion to produce the complex ion ⌠ Cu (NH₃)₄⌡^{+ +} which has an intense blue colour. This is very sensitive to changes in temperature and to the presence of other ions. For example, the colour obtained by adding ammonia to a solution of cupric chloride is quite different from that given by an equivalent of cupric nitrate. It is therefore safer to convert the copper to sulphate and to use copper sulphate as the standard. The quantity of copper taken should be such that the final solutions contain about 0.012 gm. Per litre, i.e. for the standard, take 10 ml. of a solution containing 0.12 gm. Per litre for a final volume of 100 ml. Ammonia should be added to both the solutions until the blue colour is fully developed. Further dilution should be within 3 N. ammonia (concentrated ammonia diluted to five times its volume).
• As Ferrocyanide. When neutral solutions of potassium ferrocyanide and copper are mixed, a brown colour or a chocolate precipitate of cupricferrocyanide Cu₂FeC₆N₆ is formed. If the correct conditions are chosen, 1gm. Of copper in 2500litres of water can be detected by this method.
• Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate ⌠ N(C₂H₅) CS₂Na⌡. When this reagent is added to an acidic, neutral or alkaline solution of copper, a golden brown colour is produced. The test determines less than 1 part of copper in 100 million parts of water. It is of particular use for determining copper in water: or in solutions from which nearly all the copper has been removed by deposition. The standard solution should contain about 10 milligrams of copper per litre. Such a solution can be made by dissolving0.393gm.of CuSO₄, 5H2O in water and diluting to 1 litre. Use a 0.1%aqueous solution of the reagent. This is somewhat unstable, but will keep for several weeks if stored in the dark. If iron is present, oxidise it, add 2 gm. Of citric acid and make the solution alkaline: if zinc is present, make the solution strongly amoniacal. Add this solution to 10 ml. of the reagent solution, dilute to about 50ml. If necessary balance against a standard solution which has been treated in exactly the same way.
• The extraction method may be used when a considerable quantity of ferric iron is present or when the simple method fails to give a satisfactory result, as when other interfering elements are present or when the quantity of copper to be determined is extremely small.
• Add 2 gm. Of citric acid to the sample and to the standard and dilute each to about 40ml. Add 0.880 ammonia diluted with its own volume of water, until the pH values of the solutions are greater than 9.Test this using phenolphthalein on a spot plate. The indicator should turn definitely red. Bring the volume of each solution to 70ml. and add 10ml.of dithiocarbamate reagent. Mix well and then extract at once with at least four successive portions of 2.5ml. of carbon tetrachloride. Transfer the extractions to small tubes and dilute to 20 ml. with carbon tetrachloride. Compare the colours.

LEAD– Lead may be determined colorimetrically as lead sulphide.

The behaviour of a water sample towards lead may be tested as follows: Cut off two strips of lead sheet: scrape one of these so as to expose the bright surface of the metal, and leave the other in its tarnished condition. Immerse the lead strips in separate beakers of the water, and allow them to stand undisturbed for twenty four hours. Then note the appearance of the lead and of the water.

If the surface of the lead has remained unchanged in appearance, and the water is perfectly clear and bright even after it has been shaken, the water has probably not acted upon lead, since a white insoluble basic lead carbonate is usually formed by the action. To make sure whether any solvent action has occurred, however, it is best to remove the lead strips and to test the water colorimetrically.

The Relative Action of Samples of Different Waters on lead may be expressed as follows:

A strip of sheet lead, 1.5cm. wide, is scrapped bright and is cut into lengths of 2.5 cm. ten millilitres of each of the different water samples are introduced into stoppered test tubes, 15 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, and a strip of lead is completely immersed in each sample. The lead strips should be free from grease: they must therefore be handled by forceps, not by the fingers. The tubes are shaken to detach any air bubbles from the lead, and are allowed to stand for one, three, seven or fourteen days as required.

The water is poured off from each tube into a glass cyllinder graduated at 100 ml. capacity. The lead is rinsed in the tube by shaking it with about 10 ml. of distilled water and this water is poured into the cyllinder: the lead is removed and is rinsed by the jet of water from a wash bottle to remove any adherent lead compound into the cyllinder. Five millilitres of decinormal acetic acid are poured into the test tube from which the lead strip has been removed, in order to dissolve any lead compound adhering to the glass: this acid is poured into the cyllinder and the test tube itself is finally rinsed out into the cyllinder. The liquid in the cyllinder is stirred until all lead compounds are dissolved and the liquid is quite clear: it is made up to the 100 ml. mark with water and the lead is determined colorimetrically by the sulphide process.

ZINC– Prepare a standard zinc solution, 1 ml. of which corresponds with 0.1 milligram of zinc, by dissolving 0.44 gm. .of crystalline zinc sulphate in 1 litre of water. Add 2 ml. of 3 N.H₂SO₄ and 1 ml. of 0.5 N. K₄Fe(CN)₆ to 50 ml. of the water sample and match the turbidity caused by the precipitation of the zinc ferrocyanide with a sample similarly prepared by mixing 50 ml. of distilled water with a known quantity of the standard zinc solution and with the above quantities of H2SO4 and K₄Fe(CN)₆ solutions. It is not advisable to add the zinc solution after the ferrocyanide or to use more than 1.5 ml. of the zinc solution. The tubes must be allowed to stand in the dark for five minutes before an attempt is made to match the turbidity.

When much iron is present in the water, it must be precipitated by adding NH₄Cl and NH₄OH , boiling and filtering before determining the zinc.

Our analytical discussion covered three metal ions as electrolyte solution which has impact on R.C.C. structure. When two dissimilar metal ions are present, electrons flow externally through the circuit from the anode to the cathode because of a difference in potential energy between the two electrodes in the electrochemical cell, which results in the corrosive degradation. The root cause of this type of degradation is quality of water or mineral aggregates, which sometime are contaminated with different metal in form of metal salt. This causes galvanic corrosion. If tests can be conducted at site laboratory following the methods as discussed above, the problem is overcome.     TO BE CONTINUED……..

Premankur Bhattacharya

                                 Technical Head                                          

ANN WORLD (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT)

To begin with author would like to state that, working on this interdisciplinary complex subject is a great challenge. Author had been working on this interdisciplinary subject since more than last fifteen years. Human being learnt from today’s forced lock down experience that many new viruses may come to shut down our activities in future too. We should be prepared at all times to combat with any known and unknown enemy. Author predicted today’s situation by a personal tweet on 2^nd MAY, 2019.

Author hopes the lines will be taken into consideration either today or tomorrow. Author must apologize for any missing data which could not be presented. Author dedicates this article to all Scientists, Doctors, Teachers, Health workers, Garbage Cleaners, Common People and All Decision Makers In World.

ABSTRACT-  This article shall look into the following questions : How to be best prepared to face the infectious airborne viruses to come? Is there any new strategy to fight airborne viruses ? Till date, we have been looking for solutions to fight these viruses only after those have attacked the human body. These questions bring us to the heart of our research which aims to speculate on a new strategy of dealing with airborne viruses. I wish to explore the following lead : There is a way which can help us to defeat any airborne virus before those infiltrate into the human body. This opens before us a new dimension of study altogether. The strategy of self defense is the molecular war in the atmosphere surrounding us. My research proposes to attack the airborne virus while it is still moving in the atmosphere, and thus to render it impotent even before it can act on the human body. This invention focuses on activity of molecules of different selected herb extract which acts as ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME -2 RECEPTOR BLOCKER ON OLFACTORY MUCOSA. We could be faced with many more unknown viruses. We will tackle these mortal enemies. However, before entering into this discussion it will be necessary to take a closer look at viruses to understand their properties.

Key Word- Airborne Virus, Droplets, SARS-COV-2  Covid-19, Molecular war, Antimicrobial oil complex, Docking, Surfactant property of Antimicrobial oil, Olfactory nerve (brief), CNS (brief), Mask and reflex action (brief), Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), Neurology, Angiotensin-Converting enzyme-2.

INTRODUCTION

A general overview on the properties of a virus                                                 

Airborne viruses are structured by different molecules enveloped within a water droplet suspended in the air. As long as a virus is not in contact with a host cell it exists in the form of independent aerosolized particle. The droplets which are less than 5 micron in size suspend in the air. Those droplets are dispersed by aerodynamic forces, which are also enhanced to contact host cell during inhalation. Here beneath is an illustration of the structural component of Influenza virus for comparison with SARS-COV-2 (Covid 19) to fix the strategy of molecular war to disrupt its structure.  Influenza virus is structured with 1) Nucleoprotein (RNA) 2) Capsid 3) Lipid bilayer envelope 4).

GLYCOPROTEINS – a) Hemagglutinin and b) Neuraminidase (sialidase)    6) M2 Protein. Interestingly, Neuraminidase (sialidase) looks like spike.

Illustration-1

Illustration-2

Structure of SARS-COV-2 (Covid 19)
The largest RNA molecules known to Biology

Airborne virus like influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), those are transmitted by small size droplets suspended in air and as fomites on surface. Alveolar tissues of lower respiratory tract are infected and heaviest molecules (fomites) drop on the surface. We have already realized that if the Covid 19 has been able to establish itself across the countries, as a pandemic today, it is because of the human body which has served as a carrier to this virus, through various transports such as flights, ships, trains, shopping complex, common lift etc. And in future, the virus will continue to depend on this means of transmission. Any confined zone like train compartment, public toilets, bus and air conditioned bus or cars are the sensitive means by which those bioaerosols and droplets easily affect us by inhalation or in contact with fomites. The aerodynamic force and inhalation is the reason behind the quick attachment of spike (glycoprotein) to the receptor of host cell. So, if we wish to stop or interrupt this transmission the only reliable solution seems to be the following one: to attack the virus before it comes in contact with a receptor of host cell and replicates. That would mean, that we have to attack the virus while it is still in the air within a micro droplet. Our research proposes thus, to intervene at the molecular level and this is where a molecular war begins. And that brings us to a molecular war. Thus, the concept of interaction between molecules seems to be the only solution to abolish this enemy.

ACE-2 –ACE2 is identified as the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2, the infective agent responsible for coronavirus disease. Receptor binding domain of SARS- COV-2 virus has the property to bind its receptor ACE2 strongly. The attachment of proteins is the key factor of infection. If we go through detail analytical study many other information are available based on different works. Here I would like to focus on the deactivation of both the proteins to bind each other externally. As earlier I mentioned that we should not take into consideration of the recent pandemic only. The aim of this research is to fight against all unknown airborne viruses. We should destroy their mechanism before those can interact with our receptor. The surfactant in the antimicrobial oil complex is enough capable to discard this mechanism of interaction between the proteins.

Hypotheses

Till date, we have been looking for solutions to fight the viruses only after they have attacked the human body. Practically this is very hard to establish any standard vaccine within a short time. Moreover in future how many vaccines can be developed within a short period for other unknown viruses ? This is a question of human survival in earth. When I tweeted this pandemic, I had no idea about its attack within one year. I still believe strongly, there are many other unknown viruses yet to appear. Recently in BOLIVIA, scientists have found CHAPARE- a  Covid like virus which transmits from human to human.

In the first part of this research I shall speculate how to destroy any airborne virus using other molecules.

  Selected Antimicrobial volatile oil molecules from selected antimicrobial medicinal herb extract with human friendly surfactant and Natural Flavonoids which is a possible strategy against virus attack and Human friendly ACE-2 Receptor blocler: It has already been established that the airborne viruses spread through air, and through the particles which are ejected by coughing and sneezing. In order to stop spreading viruses through the air, after researching carefully on certain plants and their anti microbial properties, I propose to compose a human friendly complex oil with different anti microbial oils extracted from selected medicinal plants with surfactant property, which acts as an antimicrobial missile in the airborne molecular war. This complex mixture is composed of  more than 17 types of human friendly antimicrobial herbs. Ethyl alcohol or Iso propyl alcohol can be added to antimicrobial plant oil. Author distributed his formulated complex oil on request at no cost to several people across the country who meets every day many people in high risk zone of Covid-19.  All users are found safe and comfortable till date. Someone was feeling of anxiety and agitation caused by the presence or nearness of Covid positive patients, they rushed to taste themselves. But, the result was negative. Author has applied for patent on this complex formulation. There are many such evidences are noted in last more than nine months.

When the molecules of bio aerosols and droplets from infected person come in interaction with the molecule of antimicrobial plant oil, microbial structure is ultimately disrupted.

Coming back to viruses, it is important to note that they are capable to travel in the environment. However there is controversy in the actual distance the virus can travel. But, those have travelling potentiality to attack human beings or animals. Moreover dispersion property is better in cold, humid, dry as well as in confined zones. But, practically their travelling potentiality is reduced due to many conditions in environment. So, this is better to consider the atmosphere we are closed to. Nature is full of plant wealth. Different types of essential oils (volatile oils) are obtained from flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits, and roots. These oils have potential properties to inhibit infection from viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Thus, if we emphasize on the anti-viral characteristics of plants molecules, we can clearly find the defense mechanism of essential oils. The viricidal activity of essential oils, which are lipophilic by nature, is due to disruption of the viral membrane or interference with viral envelope proteins involved in host cell attachment.

Consequently, many of these essential oils have been used in various cultures for medicinal and health purposes, food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, and natural therapies for centuries.

Page 16/28 these essential oils have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-viral insecticidal, and antioxidant properties [35,

Analysis of docking studies, carried by different software and different methods proved that antimicrobial oil molecules blocks the binding proteins and might help the host defence against COVID-19, Following the virtual screening and lead identification studies, the design and arrangement of complex antimicrobial essential oil molecules are optimized to combat different microbes.

Therefore it is very important to take into consideration the strong interaction between Bio aerosols, droplets and complex antimicrobial volatile oil molecules in order to protect human beings and animals in nature. As per my observations this is the actual strategy of war against suspended bioaerosols and droplets which contain virus or bacteria. This is also the key solution to kill or disable the virus while it is still in the aerosols or droplets and to stop it from attaching itself with any host cell, because after interaction with antimicrobial oil molecules, its physicochemical property is changed.

At this point, author wish to mention the property of molecules to come in contact or repulse each other. When two molecules come in contact with each other, it is very important to take into consideration their electrical charge, because this will be the responsible factor for determining which molecule shall win over the other. Thus, in order to compose antimicrobial volatile aromatic  molecules which will win over the disease causing bio aerosols, we need to select the right molecules and determine carefully the right electrical charge.

In this endeavor we should also take into consideration the mechanism of the Glycoprotein of a virus. This is the key factor in the virus’ mechanism of attaching itself with the receptor of a host cell.                                                                                                                            

Keeping these two factors in mind, at the level of molecular studies we notice that glycoproteins are always able to establish a good electrostatic interaction with the receptor of any host cell. This can be explained by fact that the host cell in itself is of positive charge, while its receptor possesses strong negative charge. So, glycoproteins with a positive charge always go for electrostatic interactions with negative charge receptor of target host cells. These fundamental observations about the virus, lead us to design negative charged molecules of volatile antimicrobial herbal oil with a very high mobility. Along with this molecule of oil, we have combined alcohol or iso propyl alcohol which can easily interact with negative charged hydrophillic glycoprotein. More over, IPA has the property to dissolve organic acids such as glycoprotein, which is covalently attached with an amino acid side chain. Surfactant molecules disrupt the lipid bylayer envelope.  When the antimicrobial oil is sprayed in the atmosphere through nozzle, molecules are dispersed at random. This triggers a direct molecular interaction between the droplets containing virus and the volatile negative charged antimicrobial oil molecules. As a result the virus’ structure is disrupted.

Another point to be noted about the inactivation mechanism of glycoprotein is its hydrophilic property. This allows it to be highly active in aqueous atmosphere, and therefore very adequate in binding other molecules. In respect to this characteristic of Glycoprotein, one more advantage of the antimicrobial herbal oil is that in contact with these oil molecules the hydrophilic property of glycoprotein is altered. This phenomenon is extremely effective in disabling the glycoprotein from binding itself with the receptor of host cells.

An active interaction takes place between charged molecules. During this interaction between two or more molecules, the viral protein which enables adhesion to host cell is damaged. Similarly, the lipid bilayer around the capsid which contains viral glycoproteins is ruptured.. Since the virus itself is damaged before interaction, it is practically impossible for it to penetrate inside any of the surrounding host cells. This whole mechanism is presented in the following illustration.

Illustration-3

Another important common observation, when we put a drop of oil in water, the molecule of oil is dispersed on the water and a thin film is formed on top. This molecular property results in changes in the structure and behavior of droplet in contact with an oil molecule.This can be explained by the adhesive force which the molecules of water and oil are subjected to. In fact, when two different molecules come in contact with each other, they are subjected to two possible reactions which will depend on the properties of the molecules in question : if two molecules are from  the same substance come in contact, those repel each other due to cohesive force, as well if  two molecules are from the different substance come in contact,those attract each other due to adhesive force.

This same phenomenon is applicable when we sneeze and the particles ejected by the sneeze (which are bio aerosol and droplets containing bacteria and virus) come in contact with the oil molecules. When the anti-microbial oil molecules come in contact with the droplet, a thin film is formed around the water droplet by the principle of the adhesive force. As a result water droplet is flattened alongwith oil molecules and virus is exposed to antimicrobial oil molecules. In direct contact with antimicrobial oil molecules virus is disabled and its structure is  ruptured.  This whole phenomenon is described in the following illustration.

Illustration-4

Observations from the neurology point of view
An overview of our olfactory tract :

Illustration-5

A volatile molecule which is commonly known as aroma, those are airborne molecules transported to our olfactory system (in the upper part of our nose). Many viruses utilize this easy olfactory route to infect host cell. Airborne viruses attack the sensory olfactory epithelium and cause inability to smell. This is known as anosmia. Covid patient is also faced with amnesia symptom. In this regard, I wish to bring to your notice that in many of the covid-19 cases, patients have signaled problems of amnesia.

In order to confront this ingenious strategy of attack of the new viruses, we shall base ourselves on aroma science. To begin with, aroma is a volatile molecule which is transported directly to the olfactory tract through the olfactory nerves in the nasal cavity. Aromatic volatile antimicrobial oils play same role when dispersed in air. Additionally those have immunostimulatory effects too.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) are responsible for the detection of odor (chemical molecule) in the environment by a Odorant Receptor Protein. Cells of ORN are bipolar neurons. Nuclei of bipolar neurons are in the base of the epithelium which is receptor of airborne virus too. This seems to be most easy route of quick viral infection. After thorough analysis I believe strongly this is the route of immediate glycoprotein attachment to host cell by many ways, which is too long to explain. So, this is understood that before virus gets entry, the volatile antimicrobial oil molecules play its role to disable the infection potentiality of virus by disrupting its structure. Apart from this, the selected plant aroma stimulates our nerve and brain to fight against many adverse factors.

This also acts as an indicator to our ORN the presence of volatile antimicrobial oil molecules in our nasal path and ensures safety.

Does this imply that any perfume could be effective to protect us from virus and to fight against disease ? The answer is not yet known. It is important for the aromatic oil to contain anti microbial property without any cytotoxic activity on human being.

Selected herbal oil is the right choice as it is safe.That causes disruption of viruses in its totality.

Neurological benefits of the antimicrobial plant oil

Studying the matter closely there are three stages of aroma dispersion when the volatile oil is sprayed in the atmosphere.

Effects of Light weight molecules

Light weight molecules are censored very fast by the olfactory nerve after the oil is sprayed. The molecules are very dynamic. As this is quickly censored by olfactory nerves, on the way of travelling these molecules towards olfactory nerves, airborne virus moving towards nasal cavity is disrupted. In fact virus cannot attach to the receptor of the host cell. REF. ILLUSTRATION-3

Effects of medium weight molecules

The molecules normally appear within 1minute to three hours after spray. This also behaves in above mentioned method.

Effect of heaviest molecules

Molecular weight is very high. But they can be smelt on surface and kill microbes adjacent to it. But, in this interaction droplets are flattened on surface and fomites are destroyed rapidly. ILLUSTRATION-2 (FIG-4).    

MASK-  This is stated that mask  is effective to prevent viral transmission. I have few words on this topic. We should wash our hands if fingers touch outer surface of mask. So, eye also should be taken in consideration for virus transmission through tears. But, can we ignore our inborn  REFLEX ACTION mechanism which is beyond our control? If something irritates our eye or nose, without our consciousness afferent nerve is excited  which causes quick movement of the muscle or glands of hands to touch eye or nose. We can’t stop this inborn mechanism. The pore diameter of common masks ranged from 80 to 500 μm, you can see the pores using a simple magnifying glass or ordinery microscope, which are much bigger than particular matter having diameter of 2.5 μm or less. Coronaviruses size is highly variable and generally is an average diameter of 120 nm. You can’t see it by magnifying glass or ordinary microscope . So, what is the science that this small size virus can’t travel through larger pores of mask during our inhalation & exhalation? What is the logic behind this? How a person is being infected wearing mask? What is the next effect on human health due to forced inhalation? Because, common people have no such awareness. But, everyone in world understands logical answer of any technical argument. This answer will help everyone.

This is important to note, while  outer surface of mask comes in contact with an infective droplet, fabric absorbs droplet but virus is released and attached with fabric cell. We inhale about 500ml.air during normal breathing and we exhale carbon di oxide with moisture. The exhaled moisture slowly wets the mask. A mask never allows us breath comfortably as the wet fabric inhibits free intake of fresh air. Breathing discomfort has also a harmful impact on our health. At this stage forced inhalation helps to inhale more air. Virus is hydrophillic by nature that follows an easy travel way  through exhhaled moisture which come in contact with virus. Subsequenly, forced inhalation helps the enemy to entire our nasal path. This research proposes to disable the virus on outer surface of mask at the time of its first contact. If  a  myst of antimicrobial oil is sprayed on the outer surface of mask before use, virus is disabled easily.

How we can avoid wearing a mask all times-

If someone is facing breathing trouble and  not comfortable to cover nose all times – As we have discussed earlier the difficulties and breathing discomfort due to continuous use of mask, the safest method is described here.

Take a little oil  mix on the palm of hand. Ru bit by finger. The solvent part is quickly evaporated from the palm of hand. Just dip  your finger into this oil mix and wet your nostril. This will help to protect the virus entry to attach ACE-2 PROTEIN. This is very effective way to avoid airborne virus infection before it reaches receptor cell in nasal path.. You can repeat this whenever you are in closed contact of other persons. See the picture of nostril inside, where to apply.

Conclusion    

Author has conducted several tests of a designed complex volatile oil which is prepared with different molecules of oils from more than 17 selected medicinal plants species which has no cytotoxic activity on human being. Author conducted tests in public toilets, common places. Pathological report could not show any microorganism growth after 24 hours whereas without antimicrobial oil significant presence of microorganism is noticed.

Author distributed his formulated complex oil on request at no cost to several people across the country who meets every day many people in high risk zone of Covid-19.  All users are found safe and comfortable till date. Someone was feeling of anxiety and agitation caused by the presence or nearness of Covid positive patients, they rushed to taste themselves. But, the result was negative. This is also observed that COVID positive patient who lost smell and taste, after spraying the designed oil mix in air, the patient gets smell and the other family members are not affected. Another observation shows that person suffering from breathing problem can breathe comfortably after using this. Author has applied for patent on this complex formulation.

The complex volatile aromatic antimicrobial plant extract is enough capable to disable or destroy microorganisms which are airborne and fomites. The designed complex is non-allergic to children skin. Its aroma is acceptable. This is a reliable solution to the fatal attack of any Airborne viruses and Covid-19 too. I also wish to add that I have tried to focus on airborne viruses from various angles and in the light of multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biochemistry, bio technology, cell biology, physiology, aromatic theory, and neuroscience. However there are lack of enough evidences that virus can transmit through nervous system. But, presence of ACE-2 in epithellium is proven. So, this theory could establish the disruption of the total infection mechanism using antiviral molecule spray.  This pluri disciplinary approach makes it a vast study with many factors to be taken into consideration. In this article, I have tried my best to expose the complexities and to propose new possible strategies in the area of airborne anti viral research, but this study would have merited a whole theses for me to do justice. However, I hope this will be of help for future studies in this area.

Author requests everyone not to be afraid of any airborne virus including COV-19. The strong reasons behind this statement are explained in this article. Human being is familiar to overcome all the challenges which is proven in past. This challenge can defeat anything against survival.

 In conclusion to this study, I wish to  convey my sympathy and regards to all the doctors and health workers. They are doing their duty regardless of fear, at the cost of their own health and sometimes at the cost of their lives.

As we know, in many cases they are also being infected. If the front liners are equipped with one light weight Oxygen cyllinder while in contact with Covid affected patients they will be comfortable and fearless to tackle the situation. I request the decission makers to take this in consideration. I wish to say that the Covid-19 virus is not the last of its kind. In future mankind shall be faced with so many more unknown viruses, and very certainly, science and research which are constantly evolving, will bring about many other innovative ideas and novel solutions.This is proven, this anti microbial oil is only one of the solutions amongst so many others to come. But one thing I am convinced about, is that dealing with virus attack at a molecular level.

©ANN WORLD (Research & Development)

Crack development along the joint between masonry and R.C.C. is considered as a confusing problem in civil engineering. There are controversies and several trials are still carried out at site to avoid this complex problem. Most common practice is reinforcing the joint with wire mesh. This is from the concept to accommodate the differential thermal expansion and contraction of R.C.C. and masonry, as well as preventing shrinkage. Other concepts focus on flexibility of the joints, making groove, better curing of finished surface. The analytical study on this topic emphasis on the root cause to eliminate the problem.

A typical example is presented here

DESCRIPTION

R.C.C. frame with masonry fill, the combination is very common in building construction. This article does not focus on expansion joint and other areas of building which is subjected to weather condition or room atmosphere. This will focus only the cause of crack development between R.C.C. and masonry. This is a very common problem which ultimately turns into a controversial discussion after the plastering work is finished.

These cracks are developed between R.C.C. and masonry. Mostly along the three locations, at the bottom of R.C.C. beam and top of brick, similarly along the vertical joint between R.C.C. column and brick.

Brick laying is started from the top of R.C.C. beam and continued up to the bottom of a R.C.C. beam. Brick are laid by cement, sand mortar. Let us consider a fly ash brick work

which typically looks like

Now, we will do a simple calculation. Brick manufacturing companies can make different sizes of fly ash bricks like

Let us consider a R.C.C. frame structure, depth of top R.C.C. beam is considered 500 mm. span is 5M. If 10-12 mm mortar joint is taken into consideration the actual number of bricks and arrangement of bricks depends on various conditions. practically this is difficult to maintain uniform joint thickness. So, there is always an adjustment is necessary at the edge. This adjustment is very common at the column edge and bottom of beam. Moreover, after 3-4 layers of brick laying, the green mortar joint at the starting layer is compressed due to top load of bricks. That also is one of the reasons of adjustment at the bottom of beam. Sometime the top layer is finished with superficial mortar filling or thick mortar filling which is out of consideration. If there is a little space to place the mortar between bottom of beam and last layer of brick, the laying is completed somehow by finishing from outside rather placing the mortar to fill the gap between bottom of beam and top layer of brick. Similarly horizontal brick layer ends at column faces. Due to the same reason an adjustment is required at the edge of columns.

The following sketches are presented for understanding the proper laying of bricks to eliminate the crack problems between R.C.C. & masonry.

In view of thermal expansion  Fly ash brick  absorbs  heat only on its surface exposed to environment which has no impact on it expansion and contraction after installation Whereas expansion coefficient of clay brick is only 3.7 millionths per degree centigrade . Now comparing R.C.C. the amount of thermal expansion and contraction of concrete varies with factors such as type and amount of aggregate, richness of mixture, water-cement ratio, temperature range, concrete age, and degree of saturation of concrete. A typical value of thermal expansion and contraction of concrete is on the order of 10 millionths per degree Celsius, that is, very near the same as that for steel. If an unrestrained slab or wall 30 meters long has a temperature variation from summer to winter of 38 degrees Celsius, the total thermal movement might be about 1.5 to 1.8 centimetres. Movements occur at the exposed surface of the concrete, which cools off more quickly, before they occur in the interior of the section, leading frequently to additional warping or curling effects. Observations of buildings in service indicate the total movement is usually less than half of that which might be anticipated by combining the contraction due to temperature drop with the shrinkage. This is due to restraining effects of the reinforcing steel and restraining effects of columns, walls, and foundations. The following calculation can establish the above.

So, it is clear that there is a negligible expansion-contraction impact on masonry in a R.C.C. frame structure.

Coming back to the discussion on crack development, if the bricks are laid maintaining standard joint thickness at the edges of beam or columns, the cracks cannot appear.

But, practically it is quite difficult. Therefore proper technical guidelines must be there to eliminate the cracking problem along the joint between bottom of beam and last course of brick layer, similarly, along the vertical joint between the edge of column and masonry. This can be explained by following illustrations. A civil engineer Mr. Arun Maity has illustrated the technical concept from practical point of view which is relevant to establish the concept at project site.

Conclusion– Project supervisors and skilled masons have a great role in this job. In our traditional brick laying practice, normally masons have limitation in doing the work properly. A civil construction supervisor monitors on-going construction to ensure that the work is being done correctly and the project stays on schedule. So, quality of masonry is of high importance which depends on supervising engineers and skilled masons too. Their serious effort can help us to eliminate a common problem.

Today we have realized the realistic approach of this subject. Recent pandemic has proved the importance of interdisciplinary subject. This is closely related between all subjects to overcome all kinds of problem in our activities.  Today we learnt a new safety rules everywhere. Dear readers, do you think that Covid 19 is the only microorganism to challenge existence of human being? No sir. Science can do a lot. Either to keep our earth and ecosystem safe, healthy or can destroys. Human being chooses the right or wrong which has a great impact on earth. In this connection we know atom bomb- its positive and negative impact in civilization. Just think, Oncolytic Virus which is derived from Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Adenovirus (Ad), New Castle Disease Virus (NDV), and Reovirus (RV) is an wonderful invention of scientists to treat BRAIN TUMORS. Scientists have established that ONCOLYTIC VIRUS THERAPY which is utilized to infect and replicate in cancer cells in brain tumour without affecting other cells. THIS IS UTILIZATION OF SCIENCE FOR CIVILIZATION.

My words want to establish the usefulness of technological coordination for better living all times utilizing TECHNOLOGY COORDINATION TECHNOLOGY (TCT), a general awareness of interdisciplinary science that helps us to be more conscious in doing our best jobs all times.

Today, if I speak about a construction chemical product which is used before the recent pandemic, I should think of the modification of the product under the lens of microbiology and economy. In this connection I would like to present an example, SYLOCON® and AQUACRETE®. We know that both of the products are very popular in construction. SYLOCON® is a specially modified nano composite, which prevents as the only active waterproofing Nano composite, which prevents crack development in plaster and screed concrete. Users just utilize this product to solve a wide range of problems in construction. Many engineers use this as cement based coating at project site. This is used to prevent the crack propagation in putty finished surface at a very low cost. I have seen engineers to use this as joint filler, low cost toilet and roof waterproofing system. This is popular for its zero rebound loss, which reduces the cost of man power. This is a nontoxic product.

Today the same technology is advanced to fight against the microbes too. Recently our scientists have made an unique modification of this technology. That has added another property of the product to fight against the microbes during the application of the product. That too is based on the available natural antimicrobial ingredients available in nature. While using this product, masons and other persons present in that one will be safe from antimicrobial attack. Our researchers have modified the product in such a way that during application of the product vat site, many negative charged molecules are evaporated immediately from the mix and those destroys the glycoprotein of virus. At the same time, the antimicrobial molecules are censored by our olfactory nerve. Our olfactory nerve is stimulated by those molecules. See the picture for better understanding.

The Olfactory route is a sensitive path for virus entry into the central nervous system. Recently scientists have proved viruses can infect easily through this path. During mixing of modified SYLOCON, those molecules can reach our olfactory nerve faster than the virus. As well as those molecules create an atmosphere surrounding its application area so that microbes which are in suspension as an aerosol in the atmosphere are destroyed after interaction with the molecules. In fact, the antimicrobial molecules which comes out of SYLOCON, moves in air as an aerosol droplets. As a result a collision happens between microbe aerosol droplets in suspension and anti-microbial molecule droplets come out of SYLOCON.

The ultimate result is working in antimicrobial environment. This development in SYLOCON is designed by scientists following the recent pandemic. Because our scientists believe that in near future we have no idea about the mutated form of this virus and any other lock down virus.

Similarly another popular product AQUACRETE® is also developed following the same way to fight against virus threat at project site. Since 1993 masons are using both the products. Our scientists have carried out extensive research work on this issue and found the right solution to keep our end users safe and fee of fear against microbes because, the workers and site engineers are not in a position to concentrate properly due to presence or absence of this unknown enemy. So, this modification was necessary.

I appreciate, because of this successful understanding of TECHNOLOGY COORDINATION TECHNOLOGY (TCT). In this connection I would like to mention very strongly that technology has an important role to design itself as per condition. Any product should consider the other aspects today.

Our health is the only backbone of our advance civilization. There should not be any compromise to disturb or destroy ourselves by any nuisance creating factor. Today we all are much more conscious. Even we were not habituated to use alcohol for our disinfection. This was popular for drinking only. No worker could think of the good quality drinking water.

Day to day changes is appearing to make us more conscious. We believe that our scientists in good faith and with strong goodwill are able to encounter any type of problem following TECHNOLOGY COORDINATION TECHNOLOGY ( TCT ).

Economical point of view is important in construction industry. We follow the safety rules very strictly to support our health as well as economy. In this year we all are in a position to reduce the overall expenditure to control our economy. All the projects are planned based on a budget. This is very difficult to carry out the job, if our budget exceeds the limit. From economical point of view, we cannot increase the cost of work. Today as health concern is sensitively associated with our activities, many new tools are purchased which were not included in our budget. So, construction chemical should be designed to reduce its cost with additional benefits. SYLOCON and AQUACRETE system are successful to serve this today. Zero rebound loss and antimicrobial working atmosphere has reduced the man power cost without increasing product cost. As well as AQUACRETE and SYLOCON together can reduce all extra waterproofing cost in construction. This is calculated that the products can reduce waterproofing cost up to 30 % than any other method. If we consider health benefits and fearless activities of workmen and engineers the saving is truly more.

To be continued————–

PREMANKUR BHATTACHARYA
TECHNICAL HEAD
ANN WORLD

The present work entitled SYLOCON® Nano composite is the eighth edition of this standard reference and fully revised. It contains information on the physical and chemical properties and its potential applications. SYLOCON® is a rare composition of different Nano particles. The natural ingredients started production 50 years back. This is a registered trade mark owned by ANN WORLD. A several study and research was conducted on this product since last 25 years. Product is used for plastering and screed concreting to prevent any crack, efflorescence and water ingression. As well as this is found that its reaction between Nano particles and cement produces a mix, which is absolutely rebound loss free on smooth surface? Laboratory tests were conducted maintaining different dosage starting from 250 millilitres up to 1 litter per 50 Kg. cement. The best result is found using one litre in 50 Kg. cement. Along with Nano composite, a specially made fibre is introduced in this product. The study on that is described here.

Polypropylene fibres are chemically inert, thermally stable, strong, and light, have become more attractive in recent years as reinforcements for cement, sand mortar and concrete.

A property, such as tensile strength, shrinkage and water resistance as well as durability of the concrete and plaster mortar is highly improved after the mortar are reinforced by PP fibres.

However, the ordered chemical structure and lack of polar functionalities, as well as surface smoothness of PP fibres shows poor adhesion characteristics in mortar.

The reason is when fibre reaches its best tensile strength, fibres and cement mortar have already separated from each other, and so the poor bonding characteristic is a severe limitation to the effective use of PP fibres. So, surface modification techniques towards enhancing strength between fibres and mortar is developed in SYLOCON® the Nano composite latest modified additive useful in mortar, concrete and putty. The mechanism of fibres is based on plasma treatment. The fibres are divided into two kinds, reactive and non-reactive plasma modification. Hydrogen or inertia gases plasma never reacts with the polymer only transfer the energy to the surface molecules of polymer in case of non-reactive plasma. So, activity is produced to polymer surface which causes interaction and bond is introduced on polymer surface.

This property is closely related with the quartzite thixotropic property of SYLOCON. Once the fibres come in contact with quartzite gel, automatically the intermolecular bond is created. That helps the fibres not to coagulate. That creates a linear chain in the thixotropic Nano composite, which is in the form of a cohesive gel.

The result is very prominent in its application. As the quartzite Nano particles in thixotropic gel carry the linear chain of the fibres, it attracts cement mortar in such a way that well dispersion of Nano particles and fibres produces a homogeneous mortar.

FIELD ELECTRON EMISSION SOURCES OF FIBRES- Field electron emission ( also known as field emission (FE) and electron field emission is emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field. The most commoncontext is field emission from from a solid surface into vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces,into vacuum,air,a fluid or any non-conducting or weakly conducting dielectric.

Reaction with cement mortar- Calcium silicate hydrate (also shown as C-S-H) is a result of the reaction between the silicate phases of Portland cement and water.  As quartzite Nano particles start reaction with cement particle, retardation takes place. As a result, the strength is gradually increased. Moisture is entrapped in matrix which helps self-curing of mortar. After hardening of mortar the result shows a hydrophobic property of the mortar. Excellent bond strength is observed when the mortar is applied on any smooth surface like AAC Blocks or smooth concrete surface. Due to slow hydration of mortar no shrinkage crack appears on the finished surface due to controlled heat of hydration. Well dispersion of fibres in the mortar produces a continuous chain link of fibre.
That helps to overcome the crack development.

UNDERSTANDING PROPERTY OF SYLOCON BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION TEST – After the product is added to the cement mortar, ad different pattern is observed. This indicates the growth of the new hydration products in mortar. The crystals developed fill up the capillaries. The following diffractograph shows the new properties developed after hydration. From experimental results, it appears that in presence of SYLOCON some Nano particles are produced, which the products of hydration are. The extremely nano size particles have some favourable characteristics. Those fill up the pores and increase the strength of mortar. The microstructure of interface of cement and aggregate are greatly improved. This hinders the water percolation through cured mortar.

Following Scanning Electron Microscopic Image shows the reaction behaviour of cement –sand

Scanning electron microscopic image of different molecular arrangement of SYLOCON and cement

Common problems to solve using SYLOCON

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Other than the above problems, de-bonding cracks between smooth surface and plaster, wall putty and smooth surface are overcome using SYLOCON for the specific properties mentioned here.                                 

To be continued—————-